Pond Options: Lined, Clay-Sealed or Groundwater-Fed
A pond holds water in one of three ways: a synthetic liner, a compacted clay seal or a basin dug down into the water table. The right choice depends on your soil, how far the level can drop in August and what the pond is for.
Lined ponds use a 45 mil EPDM rubber liner over a protective underlay. They suit backyard ponds and water features on any soil, including sand and gravel, and hold a steady level as long as the liner stays intact.
Clay-sealed ponds rely on native clay compacted in layers across the bottom and banks. Much of the Guelph area sits on clay-rich glacial till that can seal a farm pond with no liner at all, but we dig test pits first to confirm the clay runs deep enough and has no gravel seams.
Groundwater-fed ponds are dug below the water table, so springs and seepage keep them topped up. They work on low ground and on the sandy, gravelly moraine found in parts of Puslinch, although levels can swing 0.5 to 1 m (1.5 to 3 ft) between spring and late summer.
For irrigation and livestock ponds, we aim for at least part of the basin to reach 2.5 to 3.5 m (8 to 12 ft) deep. That depth keeps the water cooler, slows weed and algae growth and holds a reserve through a dry summer.